抑郁症在大众文化中
美国前总统亚伯拉罕·林肯可能至少经历了两次重性抑郁发作。 时至今日,无论是同一文化中还是不同文化间,人们对抑郁症仍然有很多不同理解。正如某杂志的评论:“因为缺少科学上的确定性,关于抑郁症的争论变成了语言上的争论:‘疾病’、‘障碍’还是‘心理状态’,我们对它的称呼直接影响了我们对它的看法、诊断和治疗。”不同文化对严重抑郁有不同的观点。有些文化把抑郁症看成是一种需要专业的个性化治疗的疾病,有些则把它当成是社会或道德问题或是人体化学物质不平衡,还有一些则认为抑郁症是对压力的不同理解的反应,这种反应会造成无力感和情感上的挣扎。 对抑郁症的诊断在一些国家比较少见,例如中国。这可能是因为中国人传统上否认或者躯体化抑郁情绪(尽管从20世纪80年代早期开始,中国人对抑郁症的否认态度有了巨大转变)。与此相反,西方国家则可能曲解或者夸大了部分人类对压力的正常表达,而把它们称为障碍。有一些学者提出西方文化中抑郁症的概念将正常的悲伤或痛苦“医学化”。匈牙利裔美籍精神病学家汤玛斯·马斯萨斯和其他人也有类似观点,他们认为抑郁症纯粹是被隐喻成一种疾病,把它当成一种真正的疾病是不恰当的。也有一些人针对DSM和描述精神病学表达了担忧,它们试图具体化抽象的症状,例如抑郁,然而这可能是社会建构的结果。原型心理学家詹姆斯·希尔曼写道:“抑郁给予我们庇护、目标、自知之明和谨慎的无为”,因此抑郁症可以升华灵魂。他还认为各种试图消除抑郁症的疗法反应了基督教的主题“复活”,但却不幸使一种高尚的生存状态妖魔化了。 可能是因为社会歧视或者忽视了诊断或治疗,历史上的著名人物很少讨论抑郁症或者寻求治疗。尽管如此,通过分析或解释他们的信件、日记、画作、著作或者他们亲友的陈述,可以发现一些历史人物可能患有某种形式的抑郁症。包括英国作家玛丽·雪莱、英国和美国作家亨利·詹姆斯和美国前总统亚伯拉罕·林肯在内的许多名人可能患有抑郁症。一些可能患有抑郁症的当代人包括:加拿大作曲家里奥纳德·科恩和美国剧作家和小说家田纳西·威廉斯。一些心理学先驱,例如:美国人威廉·詹姆士和约翰·布罗德斯·华生,同时也与自己的抑郁症抗争。 关于神经方面或者心境方面的障碍与创造力是否有关的问题尚在讨论中,这一讨论一直可以追溯到亚里士多德时代。英国的文学作品中有很多表达抑郁的内容。英国哲学家约翰·斯图尔特·密尔曾经历过几个月他称之为“神经迟钝状态”的阶段,这几个月中他“不能感受到快乐或刺激,原本令人愉快的情绪全部变得枯燥乏味、平淡无奇”。他引用英国诗人塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治的诗“忧郁”作为他当时状态的精确描述:“悲伤,没有疼痛没有失落没有阴暗 / 疲惫,窒息的平静,冰冷的忧郁 / 没有解脱不能排遣 / 无论以话语、叹息还是眼泪。”英国作家塞缪尔·约翰逊在18世纪80年代用“黑狗”这个词来描述他的抑郁情绪,并随后因为英国前首相温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士的使用而流行起来。丘吉尔也是一位抑郁症患者。 民众对重性抑郁障碍普遍存有误区,与心理健康服务机构联系只能轻微改善这一问题。公众对疗法的认知与专业人士之间有巨大差异。一些民众认为替代疗法比药物疗法更有效,但事实上这些疗法的疗效大多没有被证实。1992年至1996年,英国皇家精神科医学院和英国全科医生医学院一起在英国领导了一次为期五年的击败抑郁运动,以教育民众认识抑郁症从而减少误区。这次运动结束后调查公司MOPI研究显示公众对抑郁症的态度有了小幅度的积极改变。
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