These plasmids occur naturally in nature; they were discovered in micro-organisms and they also confer some biological properties onto micro-organisms.

这些质粒在自然界中自然存在；它们是在微生物中发现的，它们也赋予了微生物一些生物学特性。

Plasmids were extracted by alkali with lysozyme.

碱变性加溶菌酶法对标本进行质粒抽提。

In the 1970s, scientists isolated bacterial plasmids.

20世纪70年代，科学家分离出了细菌的原生质。

The plasmids caused the cells to turn into iPS cells.

这些质粒将细胞转变成诱导性多功能干细胞。

The same should apply to bacterial strains, plasmids, etc.

对于菌种、质粒也是如此。