But their effort to band together in the European Union is under strain.

但是他们所做的在欧盟范围内团结起来的努力也是承受着压力的。

Secondly, a dwindling band of workers will have to support rising social-security payments, as the number of retired people grows.This will strain public finances.

其次，随着退休人群的增长，随之增加的社会保障支出将落在越来越少的工作人群肩上，这将给公共财政造成很大压力。

Secondly, a dwindling band of workers will have to support rising social-security payments, as the number of retired people grows. This will strain public finances.

其次，随着退休人群的增长，随之增加的社会保障支出将落在越来越少的工作人群肩上，这将给公共财政造成很大压力。

The prediction values of shear strain and temperature in shear band based on gradient-dependent plasticity are higher than those by use of classical elastoplastic theory.

由于微结构效应，基于梯度塑性理论的剪切带内部的最大塑性剪切应变及最高温度的预测值高于经典理论的预测值。

Elastic shear strain in shear band was dependent on shear elastic modulus, damage variable and residual shear modulus.

考虑刚度劣化后，剪切带的弹性应变由弹性剪切模量、损伤变量及残余剪切模量确定。

For dilative material in shear, the increment of local volumetric strain in shear band and the normal deformation of shear band due to shear dilatancy were derived.

在剪胀条件下，分析了剪切带内部的局部体积应变增量及由于剪胀而引起的剪切带的法向变形。

The effects of inhomogeneous strain on the band structure and te mode gain were studied for low dimensional quantum systems.

研究了非均匀应变对低维量子结构的能带和TE模光增益所产生的影响。

At the same tensile strain, the power law relationship between band propagating velocity and applied strain rate is also obtained.

得到了在相同应变下，变形带的传播速率和加载应变速率之间的幂律关系。

The tensile displacement and angle of rotation of tensile strain localized band are analyzed in strain softening stage and in real crack propagation stage based on gradient-dependent plasticity.

基于梯度塑性理论，分析了应变软化及真实裂纹扩展阶段的局部化带的张拉位移和转角。

The theory can be used to study the distributed strain, strain rate, porosity and plastic shear displacement in fault band, which presents a new method for quantitative analysis of ductile shear zone.

梯度塑性理论可用于研究韧性断层带内部应变、应变率分布规律、断层带错动位移及带内孔隙度分布规律，为韧性断层带定量分析提供了新的手段。

Furthermore, from the analytical results indicate that the shear band mode of discontinuous bifurcation is essentially identical with slip line in the plane strain condition.

进一步分析表明，对于平面应变情形，剪切带同滑移线本质上是一致的。

Moreover, we done the same experiment on the (110) orientation Si and discuss flat-band voltage shift of MOS capacitor under biaxial strain.

此外，我们也在(110)方向的矽基板上作了相同的实验，并且讨论其在双轴的伸展应力下金氧半电容的平带电压的移动情况。

A theoretical analysis of localized strain and strain rate in shear band after localization occurs beyond the peak shear stress is carried out based on the strain gradient plasticity theory.

应用应变梯度塑性理论对局部化剪切带内部(塑性)剪应变(率)规律进行了理论分析。

Higher DA results in higher values of shear strain and volumetric strain in shear band.

扩容角越大，剪切带最终可以获得越来越高的剪切应变和体积应变。

The strain localization on a shear band induced by post-peak softening is one of the most important deformations and strength characteristics of sand.

这种由软化特性引起的应变局部化剪切带是砂土材料非常重要的变形和强度特性之一。

The finite deformation theory and the Nakai's sub-loading constitutive model are used to investigate shear band localization in plane strain model tests.

基于有限变形理论和中井的下负荷面本构关系模型，研究了平面应变试验中黏土试样变形的局部化问题。

Shear band bifurcation analysis under plane strain condition is handled by two displacement variables, Instead of assuming the volumetric in-variance condition at the moment of bifurcation.

本文从两个位移变量入手分析了平面应变条件下的剪切带状分叉从而放弃了分叉时体积不变的约束。

Under plane strain condition, the strain localization starts around the peak stress state; and a V-shaped shear band is formed at the residual stress state.

在平面应变压缩条件下，砂土在峰值应力状态附近出现应变局部化现象，在残余状态最终形成一条V型剪切带。

Furthermore, the localization shear band bifurcation takes place at the point in the strain softening area, and the point would be far from the peak point with the increment of lateral pressure.

此外，岩石材料的剪切带分叉发生在峰值应力之后，随围压增加而逐步远离峰值点。

The lattice strain and band repulsion affecting band gap is investigated.

分析了晶格畸变和能带间排斥效应对带隙的影响。