Washback is an important phenomenon in language education.

反拨效应是教育领域中一个重要的研究课题。

Washback refers to the influence of tests on teaching and learning.

反拨效应是指测试对教学所产生的影响。

Washback effects refer to the influence tests have on teaching and learning.

反拨作用通常指测试对教学和学习所产生的影响。

Washback usually refers to the direct impact tests have on language teaching and learning.

反拨作用通常指语言测试对语言教学和学习产生的影响。

Washback, which can be positive or negative, generally refers to the influence of testing on teaching and learning.

反拨效应是指测试对教与学的影响，其影响可能是积极的，也有可能是消极的。

The present study investigates the immediate washback of the new CET-4 listening comprehension test on college English listening teaching and learning.

本文从大学英语新四级听力考试题型变化的角度出发，探讨了其对大学英语听说教学的反拨作用。

The present study investigates the immediate washback of the new CET-4 listening comprehension test on college English listening teaching and learning.

很多研究者做过调查，探究该考试对教师和教学的影响，而对大学生英语学习的反拨作用研究较少。

Washback is an important term refers to the influence of testing on teaching and learning. It has become a focus in language testing, language teaching and learning fields.

反拨作用是指语言测试对语言教学和学习产生的影响，是语言测试和语言教学领域研究的重点之一。