In an ionic solid, a cation–vacancy and cation–interstitial pair.

在离子固体中的阳离子-空位对和阳离子-间隙原子对。

Such deviation generates volumetric change in the solid, which will result in mechanical stresses if the ionic solid is under mechanical constraints, or if the defect distribution is not uniform.

如果离子固体有外力的约束，或者缺陷分布的不均匀，都会导致这样的偏离，因而会引起固体体积的改变，也就是说会产生内应力。

Chloroaluminium ionic liquids are liquid catalysts at room temperature while heteropolyacids are solid catalysts.

常温下，氯铝酸离子液体体系是液体催化剂，而杂多酸是固体催化剂。

For waste oils and fats with high acid value, the suitable environmentally friendly catalysts are solid acid and ionic liquid.

对于酸值高的废油脂，宜采用固体酸和离子液体等环境友好催化剂。